Standard 5: Response Strategies

Inclusive education response strategies include a clear description of the context and of the barriers to the right to education, and strategies to overcome those barriers.

الخطوات الرئيسية

1. Evidence-based response strategies: Reflect the assessment findings accurately in response strategies.

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2. Response planning: Ensure that the education response progressively enables the people affected to access inclusive and equitable quality education.

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3. Do no harm: Design and implement response strategies in ways that do not harm the community or service providers.

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4. Updates to response strategies: Regularly update information collected from the initial assessment and context analysis to guide the education response.

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5. Donor response: Provide enough funds for the response to ensure that the minimum level of education access and quality can be met.

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6. Education system resilience: Include activities in response strategies that support the education authorities, local and national actors, and community members to prepare for, prevent, and respond to future crises.

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7. Harmonization with national programs: Ensure that EiE response strategies complement and align with national education programs.

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8. Baseline data: Collect baseline data systematically at the start of a program.

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الملاحظات الإرشادية
1
Evidence-based response strategies

Response strategies must be based on evidence and driven by a needs analysis of both the demand side and the supply side. It is important to consider the assistance modality, such as CVA, in-kind, and direct service delivery. Education stakeholders should carefully analyze and interpret the assessment data, and their response strategies should reflect the key findings and major priorities. They should also be aware of biases and assumptions about what people need, and of the most appropriate way to meet those needs. To ensure that the learners’, educators’, and education systems’ specific needs are met, stakeholders may need to adapt and contextualize their response approach to be in line with the information gathered during the assessments.

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Response planning

Education stakeholders should develop a rapid response plan as soon as possible after the onset of a new crisis, or if an existing crisis suddenly worsens. A rapid response plan is typically a condensed version of a broader response strategy. It is implemented during the first phase of a response, usually up to three months. Education should be included in all multi-sectoral rapid response mechanisms. In some situations this may not happen due to contextual constraints, so a separate but complementary education rapid response should be planned, coordinated, and implemented through the education coordination mechanism. Rapid response activities should focus on essential services that address the immediate wellbeing and learning needs of learners and of teachers and other education personnel. These may include providing temporary infrastructure and recreational, creative, and academic materials; conducting initial assessments to determine learning levels to tailor the response; and interventions such as MHPSS, SEL, school meals, and child-friendly spaces. The rapid response services should connect with longer-term programming as soon as possible. It is important to base response strategies on preparedness or contingency plans or, if there are none, to develop these plans with the meaningful and inclusive participation of sub-national or local education authorities and communities (for more guidance, see Strengthening Rapid Education Response Toolkit).

After the first phase of a response, rapid response plans should blend into the broader education response programming. The voices and perspectives of all learners, teachers, and community members should guide the design and implementation of the response strategies. It is also important to acknowledge that programs are implemented within a national policy context which will also influence what response options are available. Increasing learning and protection should be a priority of response strategies. Response strategies can outline the different levels, languages, and types of education, identify the risks and hazards, and indicate whether other agencies or sectors are supporting education activities. The budget for implementing a response strategy should include essential education activities, including baseline data collection, monitoring, and evaluation.

Response strategies should be as flexible as possible to allow education stakeholders to carry out key activities, including the following:

  • Analyzing and working to remove barriers to access for all levels and types of education
  • Assessing learning levels
  • Adapting learning opportunities to meet the needs of all learners
  • Providing multiple learning pathways
  • Connecting to essential services beyond the education sector, such as protection, MHPSS, nutrition, WASH, health, and food security
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3
Do no harm

During an EiE response, resources like training, jobs, supplies, and food are introduced or distributed in what are often resource-scarce environments. To some, these resources can represent power and wealth. They can become a part of the conflict, worsen the effects of the emergency, or contribute to existing inequalities within the community, such as marginalization or discrimination. In a conflict situation, some people may try to control and use these resources to support their side and weaken the other side, or to gain personally. Stakeholders can use risk and conflict analysis to help ensure that resources are distributed equitably and that the EiE response maximizes positive impact and minimizes negative impact (for more guidance, see INEE Guidance Note on Conflict Sensitive Education).

Transferring resources and conducting an EiE response can also strengthen local actors’ capacity to build peace or promote social cohesion. Awareness raising activities can lessen division and tension by building on or creating ties that bring a community together. For example, teacher professional development programs can unite teachers in their professional identities as educators that bridge ethnic divides. Ensuring the inclusion of marginalized groups in community activities can promote more equitable community relations. Awareness raising efforts also can improve attitudes about the education of persons with disabilities and the contributions they make to the community.

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Updates to response strategies

Education stakeholders should regularly review and update their response strategies during emergencies, and through to recovery.  Updates should reflect the state of learner’s learning and protection, changes in strategy and what has been achieved, as well as changes in the emergency and security situation. Feedback from learners and teachers on how the response has or has not met their needs and rights should guide the strategy updates. Changing needs should also be reflected in the updated strategy. Education programming should promote progressive improvements in learning, inclusion, equity, coverage, sustainability, and shared ownership. To ensure that education activities are gradually handed over to the relevant parties, updated response strategies should have transition plans and exit strategies in place at levels of education.

Reviewing and updating response strategies can provide opportunities for cross-sectoral collaboration. This may include coordinating and identifying common activities between child protection and the education response, between the ECD response and nutrition programming, or between TVET programs and economic recovery activities.

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Donor response

Humanitarian partners and donors need to regularly review the quality and coverage of the EiE response to ensure that it meets the minimum levels of access and quality. They should pay particular attention to how many learners from vulnerable groups enroll and continue to go to school to ensure that they have equal access to education. “Equal access” means that all children, young people, and adult learners have equal education opportunities, particularly those marginalized because of ethnicity, language, gender, disability, race, or class. Funding for the education response should be available as early as possible when a crisis occurs and should be given the same priority as the water, food, shelter, and health responses. Donors and humanitarian partners must adhere to do no harm principles to ensure that their assistance does not negatively impact communities hosting refugees and/or IDPs, for example by contributing to social tension through unequal support. Adequate funding is critical to fulfilling the right to education for all. Short-term funding cycles should not limit the run of EiE programs, which should continue well into the recovery period.

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Education system resilience

The EiE response should include activities led by education authorities to build a more resilient system for the future. They should strive to create an inclusive education system for all learners, including those from marginalized groups.

Education authorities, local and national actors, humanitarian and development partners, and donors should work together through coordination mechanisms to promote and support activities for disaster risk management and emergency preparedness. Local and national actors are in the best position to lead an emergency response from preparedness through to recovery, and to guide the transition from a rapid response to a longer-term response. Investment in disaster risk management and preparedness will enable education authorities and their partners to plan, coordinate, and respond more effectively. Measures taken before a crisis and during recovery can include:

  • Providing support for education authorities to update or create emergency preparedness plans and contingency plans
  • Working with school communities to choose safe sites and buildings, or to repair, rebuild, and retrofit schools, early childhood centers, and other learning environments
  • Helping set up early warning systems at the community level

Response strategies should include capacity sharing between education authorities, local and national actors, communities, and external stakeholders. In order to prepare for, prevent, and respond to future crises, capacity sharing should build on challenges and goals identified by communities. This can include:

  • Supporting local stakeholders, community members, and young people to implement response activities, such as assessments of the education sector that include data collection and analysis
  • Creating professional development opportunities with teachers and other education personnel that focus on comprehensive school safety, teaching social and emotional skills, training learners in DRR, and educating them on climate change at every level of education
  • Capacity sharing between local and national actors and international actors and donors to adapt funding policies and procedures to increase partners’ access to direct funding and support continuity and sustainability between crises or programs
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Harmonization with national programs

It is important to harmonize the EiE response with the national education policies, strategies, and programs reflected in the existing ESP, transitional education plan (TEP), or other national education plans. This is key to ensuring the continuity of learning processes and practices, to creating sustainable exit strategies and/or transition plans, and to supporting the leading role of education authorities. Harmonization can involve national and local education planning, analysis, assessment, coordination, administration and management, and physical infrastructure. For example, the amount spent to compensate teachers and buy equipment should be harmonized across organizations so that spending levels are sustainable over the long term.

Humanitarian organizations with specific mandates and missions, such as supporting children, primary education, or refugees, should make sure that their education response complements those of the education authorities and other education stakeholders. The overall education response strategy should be equitable and inclusive and cover the following:

  • ECD and caregiver support
  • Primary education
  • Education opportunities for young people, including skills building, secondary, higher, technical and vocational, and livelihood education
  • Accelerated education and non-formal programs
  • Adult education
  • Disability-inclusive and gender-responsive education
  • Pre-service and in-service teacher training

Response strategies for adult learners should include education literacy and numeracy programs. Survival skills and awareness training are also important in terms of safety and security, such as landmine awareness. Response strategies in situations of displacement or areas with returnee refugees should include longer-term support, such as accelerated education, catch-up classes, bridging programs, vocational training, and higher education opportunities.

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Baseline data

Baseline data offers evidence-based insight into the education situation before EiE programs and activities began. The baseline data makes it possible to monitor and evaluate the effects of programs and should be collected systematically. The key data for a strong baseline includes disaggregated population data, school attendance rates, and teacher-student ratios. Data specific to an intervention can also be helpful. For example, if the aim of a program is to improve girls’ school attendance, the baseline is their attendance rates before the program began.

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المراجع

مصادر داعمة
26 فبراير/شباط 2019 Report
Global Education Cluster
Norwegian Capacity (NORCAP)

Cash and Voucher Assistance for Education in Emergencies: Synthesis Report and Guidelines

In light of the Grand Bargain cash commitment to develop an evidence base for assessing costs, benefits, impacts and risks of CVA, the Global Education Cluster (GEC), with a financial contribution from DG-ECHO and technical support from NORCAP has set out to build evidence around CVA for EiE.

30 يونيو/حزيران 2022 دليل / كتيب / دليل التحالف العالمي للحد من مخاطر الكوارث و تعزيزالمرونة في قطاع التعليم (GADRRRES)

الإطار الشامل للسلامة المدرسية

عمل التحالف العالمي للحد من مخاطر الكوارث والمرونة في قطاع التعليم (GADRRES) على مراجعة مراجعة الإطار الشامل للسلامة المدرسية، مدفوعًا بالتهديدات المتزايدة على الأطفال والتعليم نتيجة لتغير المناخ، وزيادة الصراعات والنزاعات، وجائحة كوفيد العالمية

14 سبتمبر/أيلول 2022 دليل / كتيب / دليل التعليم لا ينتظر , الشبكة المشتركة لوكالات التعليم في حالات الطوارئ, مبادرة الأمم المتحدة لتعليم البنات

حزمة الجندر المتعلقة بحالات الطوارئ

 "حزمة الجندر المتعلقة بحالات الطوارئ" عبارة عن حزمة موارد أساسية تتعلق بالنوع الاجتماعي في مجال التعليم في حالات الطوارئ. إنه يمثل مصدرًا فريدًا حيث يوفر أدوات وموارد عملية تساعد ممارسي التعليم على تعزيز البرمجة المراعية للنوع الاجتماعي من خلال جميع مراحل الأزمة، بدءًا من الاستجابة وصولاً إلى مرحلة السلام والتنمية المستدامة.

1 مايو/أيار 2020 دليل / كتيب / دليل
الصفقة الكبرى الفريق العامل المعني بتوطين العمل الإنساني

مذكرة إرشادية بشأن تعزيز القدرات من أجل توطين العمل الإنساني

تعرض هذه المذكرة الإرشادية توصيات مجُمَّعة بشأن تعزيز القدرات مستمدة من ثلاث حلقات عمل إقليمية عقدها في عام 2019 الفريق العامل المعني بتوطين العمل الإنساني في إطار مبادرة الصفقة الكبرى، وشارك في هذه الحلقات ممثلو منظمات محلية ووطنية غير حكومية، ومنظمات دولية غير حكومية، وجهات مانحة حكومية وإقليمية، ووكالات تابعة للأمم المتحدة.

1 يناير/كانون الثاني 2007 دليل / كتيب / دليل اللجنة الدائمة المشتركة بين الوكالات

الضوابط الإرشادية للصحة العقلية والدعم (النفس - اجتماعي) في حالات الطوارئ

إن الغرض الرئيس من هذه الضوابط الإرشادية هو تمكين الأطراف والمجتمعات المعنية بالشؤون الإنسانية من تخطيط، ووضع، وتنسيق مجموعة من الحدود الدنيا للاستجابات المتعددة القطاعات، بغرض حماية، وتحسين الصحة العقلية والمعافاة (النفس - اجتماعية) للأفراد في ظل حالات الطوارئ.

1 يونيو/حزيران 2013 دليل / كتيب / دليل الشبكة المشتركة لوكالات التعليم في حالات الطوارئ

الملاحظات الارشادية للشبكة المشتركة لوكالات التعليم في حالات الطوارئ بشأن التعليم المراعي لظروف النزاع

وتهدف هذه المالحظات االرشادية إلى دعم وتوسيع محتوى الحد األدنى لمعايير التعليم من اآليني بغرض توفير أداة مرجعية الستراتيجيات وموارد التعليم المراعي لظروف النزاع لممارسي التعليم وواضعي السياسات الذين يعملون في السياقات الهشة والمتأثرة بالنزاع.

9 سبتمبر/أيلول 2019 دليل / كتيب / دليل الشبكة المشتركة لوكالات التعليم في حالات الطوارئ, مبادرة الأمم المتحدة لتعليم البنات

مذكرة الايني التوجيهية بشأن النوع الاجتماعي

توفر المذكرة التوجيهية بشأن النوع الاجتماعي والصادرة عن الايني استراتيجيات لضمان تمتع الفتيات والفتيان والنساء والرجال في سياقات الصراع والازمات بنفس القدر من الحماية وتحقيق نتائج التعلم التي يمكن أن يوفرها التعليم الجيد.

3 يونيو/حزيران 2021 إطار عمل الشبكة المشتركة لوكالات التعليم في حالات الطوارئ

إطار مؤشرات المعايير الدنيا للتعليم في حالات الطوارىء من الآيني (INEE)

يُقدم إطار العمل هذا طريقة للجهات المعنية بالتعليم في حالات الطوارئ (EiE)؛ لكي تُبدي تحيزها وسيرها نحو الحد الأدنى لمعايير الشبكة المشتركة لوكالات التعليم في حالات الطوارئ (INEE).

1 اكتوبر/تشرين الأول 2021 Toolkit
Education Cannot Wait (ECW), International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), REPSSI
APSSI, MHPSS.net

MHPSS and EiE Toolkit

The aim of this toolkit is to increase understanding between the two sectors, to encourage dialogue for planning and programming, and ultimately to strengthen the quality of MHPSS and education responses in emergencies.

1 مايو/أيار 2019 دليل / كتيب / دليل صندوق الأمم المتحدة الدولي لحالات الطوارئ للأطفال

مذكرة توجيهية: إعداد البرامج التعليمية الواعية بالمخاطر من أجل تحسين المرونة و القدرة على الصمود

تهدف هذه المذكرة التوجيهية إلى مساعدة موظفي التعليم في اليونيسف على جميع المستويات - الذين يعملون في السياقات اإلنسانية، واالنتقالية، والتنموية - على تحليل المخاطر وتكييف سياسات وبرامج التعليم من أجل أخذ المخاطر في االعتبار، بحيث تكون مجموعات وأنظمة التعليم أكثرّ مرونة ويكون جميع األطفال والشباب ملتحقين بالمدرسة و محصلين للتعليم.

30 نوفمبر/تشرين الثاني 2022 Toolkit
Global Education Cluster, Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), Save the Children, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organziation (UNESCO)
European Union, REACH, Translators without Borders

Strengthening Rapid Education Response Toolkit

The first of its kind Strengthening Rapid Education Response Toolkit provides country or field-level Education teams practitioners and coordinators with a practical resource and advocacy tool to ensure education’s inclusion in first phase humanitarian response. This includes demonstrating and advocating for the importance of including education in RRMs for a holistic and child-focused response to non-education actors.

5 ديسمبر/كانون الأول 2022 دليل / كتيب / دليل Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action, الشبكة المشتركة لوكالات التعليم في حالات الطوارئ

دعم البرامج المتكاملة لحماية الأطفال والتعليم في العمل الإنساني

 تهدف هذا الدليل إلى دعم العاملين (ات) الذين يستجيبون لاحتياجات الأطفال في الأزمات الإنسانية، بما في ذلك وزارات الحكومة ذات الصلة، ومنظمات المجتمع المدني الوطنية، والمنظمات المجتمعية والدينية، والمنظمات غير الحكومية، ووكالات الأمم المتحدة، والمنظمات المنفذة الأخرى، والممولين.

 

23 يونيو/حزيران 2020 Assessment
Washington Group on Disability Statistics

Washington Group Short Set on Functioning (WG-SS)

The WG Short Set of six questions on functioning for use on national censuses and surveys was developed, tested and adopted by the Washington Group on Disability Statistics (WG). The questions reflect advances in the conceptualization of disability and use the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) as a conceptual framework. 

المؤشرات

Untitled Spreadsheet
INEE Domain INEE Standard Indicator/Program Requirements Clarification Numerator Denominator Target Disaggregation Source of Indicator Source of Data Available Tool Crisis Phase
Foundational Standards Community Participation Participation (FDN/Community Participation Std 1)

Community members participate actively, transparently, and without discrimination in analysis, planning, design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of education responses.
1.1 Percentage of parents actively participating in the conception and implementation of education in emergencies services Number of parents consulted Number of parents To be defined by program Gender Based on OCHA Indicator Registry Program documentation No tool required; INEE MS and indicator definitions sufficient All stages
1.2 Percentage of parents satisfied with the quality and appropriateness of response at the end of the project Number of parents satisfied with the quality and appropriateness of response at the end of the project Number of parents 100% NA Based on OCHA Indicator Registry Program documentation Tool required All stages
Resources (FDN/Community Participation Std 2)

Community resources are identified, mobilized and used to implement age-appropriate learning opportunities.
1.3 Analysis of opportunity to use local resources is carried out and acted on Scale 1-5 (1 = low, 5 = high) 5 NA New Program/procurement documentation Tool required All stages
Coordination Coordination (FDN/Coordination Std 1)

Coordination mechanisms for education are in place to support stakeholders working to ensure access to and continuity of quality education.
1.4 Percentage of regular relevant coordination mechanism (i.e., Education Cluster, EiEWG, LEGs) meetings attended by program team Number of regular relevant coordination mechanism (i.e.; Education Cluster, EiE Working Group (WG), Local Education Group (LEG) meetings attended by program team Number of regular relevant coordination mechanism (i.e. Education Cluster, EiEWG, LEGs) meetings held during organizational presence 100% NA New Meeting records No tool required; INEE MS and indicator definitions sufficient All stages
Analysis Assessment (FDN/Analysis Std 1)

Timely education assessments of the emergency situation are conducted in a holistic, transparent, and participatory manner.
1.5 Percentage of education needs assessments, carried out by the relevant coordinating body the program has participated in These include initial rapid and ongoing/rolling assessments Number of assessments organization contributed to Number of possible assessments organization could have contributed to 100% NA New Assessment records No tool required; INEE MS and indicator definitions sufficient All stages
Response Strategies (FDN/Analysis Std 2)

Inclusive education response strategies include a clear description of the context, barriers to the right to education, and strategies to overcome those barriers.
1.6 Strength of analysis of context, of barriers to the right to education, and of strategies to overcome those barriers Scale 1-5 (1 = low, 5 = high) 5 NA New Program documentation Tool required All stages
Monitoring (FDN/Analysis Std 3)

Regular monitoring of education response activities and the evolving learning needs of the affected population is carried out.
1.7 Percentage of education needs assessments carried out in defined time period Frequency to be defined by organization. Monitoring measures should be relevant to the desired program outcomes Number of education needs assessments carried out per year Number of education needs assessments required per year 100% NA New M&E plans and results No tool required; INEE MS and indicator definitions sufficient During program implementation
Evaluation (FDN/Analysis Std 4)

Systematic and impartial evaluations improve education response
activities and enhance accountability.
1.8 Number of evaluations carried out Number of evaluations carried out NA NA New M&E plans and results No tool required; INEE MS and indicator definitions sufficient Program completion
1.9 Percentage of evaluations shared with parents Number of evaluations shared with parents Number of evaluations 100% NA New M&E plans and results No tool required; INEE MS and indicator definitions sufficient Program completion