The USAID/Tanzania team is initiating the design of a new activity focused on “Targeted Instruction” methods to address key educational challenges. Building on the lessons learned from the current ‘Learn to Understand’ program, a foundational learning program that has been active for over 4 years, analyses conducted by the Office of Chief Economist (OCE) highlight the need for an improved approach. With a Targeted Instruction approach, the teacher creates personalized instructional approaches for each pupil using classroom-based assessments so that the materials each pupil is learning “at their level” of ability. This is in contrast with standard approaches that assume that most pupils in a classroom are at similar levels of ability.