Education for Peacebuilding

With the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) officially coming into force in January 2016, there is renewed international commitment for and optimism towards ending global poverty during the next two decades. Simultaneously, however, there is growing concern that protracted conflicts and an increase in natural disasters threaten to undo the gains made to date.

UNICEF
© UNICEF

In light of Sustainable Development Goal 16 on promoting peaceful and inclusive societies, as well as Goal 4 (inclusive and equitable quality education)Goal 5 (gender equality)Goal 8 (decent work and economic growth), and Goal 10 (reduced inequalities) – there is a strong global imperative for understanding the essential connection between positive human development outcomes and ending recurrent cycles of conflict and violence. This was further stressed in three recent Peace and Security Reviews (UN Peacebuilding Review, Peace Operations Review, and SC Resolution 1325 Review), as well as the recent Sustaining Peace Resolutions endorsed by both the General Assembly (A/RES/70/262) and Security Council (S/RES/2282-2016), which called for all UN agencies to contribute to sustaining peace; to leverage social services for peacebuilding; and for mainstreaming and focus on the role of women in peacebuilding. Yet, despite their recognized contribution to restoring stability in the aftermath of violence, there is no common understanding of precisely how programs addressing administrative and social services can aid peacebuilding.

Education social services have historically been used both as a means to catalyze conflict, and to build peace. Education becomes a driver of conflict when education services are made accessible only for some, and not for everyone. Where education services are poor in quality, irrelevant for employability, or abilities to cope effectively in challenging circumstances, citizens respond with frustration and resentment. Where education systems are being hijacked to polarize society, or where education instruments and tools communicate disrespect or discriminate against minority groups, education naturally turns into a tool of divisiveness. On the other hand, education services that are equitably accessible; that are of quality and relevant; that reinforce a common narrative; that strengthen intergroup relationships and identities; and that are fairly administered across constituent groups education do foster both vertical and horizontal social cohesion.

Key Statistics and Messages on Education for Peacebuilding

  • Education and inequality: research comparing education equality data and violent conflict data from nearly 100 countries over 50 years found robust evidence that the likelihood of violent conflict doubles for countries with high levels of intergroup inequality in education, after controlling for known conflict risk factors, such as wealth, political regime, geography, etc. The research also suggests that greater education equality between male and female students decreases the likelihood of violent conflict by as much as 37 per cent.
  • Education sector policy and planning can contribute to building sustainable peace through: redistribution (fair distribution of education access, resources, opportunities); recognition (respecting diversity and identity through education); representation (ensuring equitable participation in decision making at all levels); and reconciliation (leveraging education to deal with the legacy of past human rights violations, or addressing historical or contemporary injustices). 

  • Transitional justice and education: In societies coming to terms with an abusive past, Transitional Justice efforts aiming to strengthen the rule of law, address grievances among affected communities, and prevent the recurrence of human rights violations, can benefit from education in two areas. First, education should contribute to developing children’s abilities and skills for participating in a country’s productive and sociopolitical realms. Second, in a post-war society, education is charged with the task of enhancing the capacity of citizens, especially—but not only—adolescents and children, to think critically about the present and the past, so they can foresee and construct a better future.

  • Early Childhood Development (ECD) services can prevent violence at the micro-level: Children who have benefitted from proper stimulation and nurturance demonstrate healthy biological stress systems, secure early attachment, as well as healthy socio-emotional and cognitive development, resulting in reduced disposition to violence later in life. All developmental domains are compromised, however, if children are affected by direct violence (living in settings of war, domestic violence, etc.) or structural violence (inequality, poverty, etc.).

This collection was developed with the support of Friedrich Affolter, an Education Peacebuilding Expert for UNICEF. 

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Contributions of Early Childhood Development Services to Preventing Violent Conflict

Published by
Early Childhood Peace Consortium (ECPC)

The purpose of this brief is to: (1) demonstrate the societal risks that result when early childhood development (ECD) services are lacking and (2) show how ECD services contribute to sustaining peace through increasing social cohesion, equality and economic productivity.

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Advocacy Statement

Early Childhood Development and Peacebuilding Brief

Published by
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

This resource is part of a collection of resources compiled by UNICEF’s 2012-2016 Peacebuilding, Education and Advocacy Programme (PBEA), known as “Learning for Peace”, which was funded by the Government of the Netherlands.

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Collection

Learning for Peace

From 2012-2016, UNICEF and the Government of the Netherlands undertook a multi-year partnership known as Learning for Peace. The objective of this program was to test how education can be leveraged to contribute to the mitigation of drivers of conflict in fragile and post-conflict countries. 

Website

Evaluating UNICEF Peacebuilding Programmes in Africa

Published by
Insightshare

In 2015/16 we trained young people and local staff in Côte d’Ivoire, Uganda, Sierra Leone and Burundi to use Participatory Video and Most Significant Change to evaluate the results of the PBEA programme in selected regions of their countries.

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Report

Pathways for Peace: Inclusive Approaches to Preventing Violent Conflict

Published by
World Bank
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United Nations

This study focuses on conflict prevention consistent with the activities outlined in the General Assembly and Security Council resolutions on Sustaining Peace, that is, as “activities aimed at preventing the outbreak, escalation, continuation and recurrence of conflict, addressing root causes, assisting parties to conflict to end hostilities, ensuring national reconciliation and moving towards recovery, reconstruction and development."

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Peacebuilding Education and Advocacy in Conflict-Affected Contexts Programme

Published by
Pan African Symposium on Education, Resilience and Social Cohesion

This report summarizes the lessons learned and promising practices shared at the PanAfrican Symposium on Education, Resilience and Social Cohesion, held on 1 – 3 June 2016 at the United Nations Conference Centre in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

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Advocacy Statement

The Roadmap for Peaceful, Just and Inclusive Societies: A Call to Action to Change our World

Published by
Pathfinders for Peaceful, Just and Inclusive Societies

This roadmap provides a first guide for those who are working on implementation. At its heart are three transformative strategies – the prevention of all forms of violence, an institutional renewal to underpin sustainable development, and action to increase social, economic and political inclusion.

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Manual/Handbook/Guide

Transformative pedagogy for peace-building: A guide for teachers

Published by
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organziation (UNESCO)

This guide is designed to build the capacity of teachers so that they are informed and empowered in why and how to educate for peace-building.

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Youth, Peacebuilding, and the Role of Education

Published by
Inter-agency Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE)

Thematic Paper for the Youth, Peace and Security Progress Study. This paper outlines key debates and insights on the role of education in relation to UNSCR 2250 and the youth, peace, and security (YPS) agenda. UNSCR 2250 requires the UN Secretary-General to “carry out a Progress Study on youth’s positive contribution to the peace processes and conflict resolution” and to present the results to the UN Member States.

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Manual/Handbook/Guide

Guidance Note: Risk-informed Education Programming for Resilience

Published by
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

This Guidance Note aims to help UNICEF education staff at all levels, who are working in humanitarian, transition, and development contexts, analyze risk and adapt education policies and programs to take risk into account, so that education populations and systems are more resilient and all children and youth are in school and learning.

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