Alternative education
The overarching term that refers to all types of education programs that are often not considered formal education programs by agencies, governments, and donors is alternative education. Often, but not exclusively, alternative education programs are offered outside the auspices of the formal government and education system. Alternative education programs include those offered to refugees and internally displaced by agencies and NGOs where they are not part of the country's education system (that is, the programs are not managed or controlled by the government of the host country). It also includes non-formal education programs where the certification and validation of the learning is not automatically assured, ad hoc education or awareness programs that respond to a specific perceived need, and short-term emergency education programs that are considered bridging programs (to a real curriculum).