The Devil is in the Details: Assessment and Certification of Education in Difficult Circumstances

When an education system is set up or restored after an emergency, a war or a major population movement, it cannot be long before the twin questions of assessment and certification arise. Assessment may be to establish the quality or the quantity of achievement and past learning. It may be for many reasons, ranging from a loss of certificates when fleeing to a need to identify the right entry point on a new education ladder.